ap psychology learning and memory quizlet

For your AP exam you will need to know about classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive processes, social learning, and biological factors. Mnemonic devies are an example. Psychology 315 Ch. reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. It consists of 21 multiple choice quiz questions for your AP exam review. Search this site. AP Psychology Spring 2016. Crash Course #12 - The Bobo Beatdown. Cues from your current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. Get info into our brain –encoding: processing of info into memory system 2. Chapter 2. This course is designed to prepare you for the AP Psychology Exam, covering all of the topics outlined in the official test materials provided by the College Board. Prolonged exposure to violence desensitizes viewers as well. Retrieval - process of getting information out of memory storage. Entspricht der Human memory psychology dem Level and Qualität, die ich als Käufer in dieser Preiskategorie erwarten kann? Loosli Learning Blog; About; Unit Navigation. Encoding: The process of putting new information into memory. Start studying AP Psychology Semester MC Cognition: Memory. Answers and detailed explanations are included. Get started now with our AP Psychology memory quiz to help you prepare and review for these types of exam questions. By Grade Level. increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Unit 7: Cognition: Memory, Thinking and Language - AP Psychology AP Psychology Loftus. 100% Free AP Test Prep website that offers study material to high school students seeking to prepare for AP exams. Amnesia. the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. Primary tabs. decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. These practice questions focus on the psychological and physiological systems of memory as well as the principles of memory construction, encoding, and storage. AP Psychology Outline. Chapter Outlines; Chapter 7: Cognition . We normally compensate for these changes by slowing down, making lists, avoiding challenging circumstances, rehearsing key elements and trying other memory aids. Chapter 4. Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as a headache (taking aspirin is the behavior, the negative reinforcement is that it takes away the headache. Something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later. Try our free quiz to prepare for the AP Psychology learning questions. the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. unconscious processing of incidental info and well-learned information; does not require effort. Explore. Unlearned, innately satisfying (getting food when hungry). Memory ? Summer Reading and Assignments. in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. get information back out Encoding Memory Automatic processing ? In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. AP Psychology 2. One of the most important is the Schachter Singer theory of emotion, which is also known as the two-factor theory of emotion. (often experienced by songwriters and authors), Our mind Photoshops our memories. the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. loss of memory. The tone no longer signals the food. Encoding – Forming Memory Code. Related Topics. Half a second should elapse between each stimulus. the persistence of learning over time encoding ? increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Share Tweet Post Message. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward the desired behavior using successive approximations. that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." AP Psychology - Learning and Memory Advanced Placement Psychology Enterprise High School, Redding, CA All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011) STUDY Test Answers on Psychology \ AP Psychology memory study guide. AP Psychology memory study guide. C. Affect. AP Psychology: Module 5- Learning and Memory. Responsible for facts, knowledge, experiences, Retention independent of conscious recollection. Add To Calendar ; Details; About the Units. Spell. Retrieval – Recovering Information from Memory Stores. ... Unit 6 Learning and Behavior. Navigation. Choose your answers to the questions and click 'Next' to see the next set of questions. View; Flashcards; Learn (active tab) Scatter; Powered by Quizlet.com. Former drug users feel a craving when in the drug-using environment, so we know to advise them to steer clear of their drug-using context. Also explore over 36 similar quizzes in this category. STUDY PLAY. Also related to hindsight bias. getting information into brain storage ? an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. Absent-mindedness (inattention to details leads to encoding failure), transcience (storage decay over time), blocking (inaccessibility of stored information-- tip-of-the-tongue), Misattribution (confusing the source of information), suggestibility (lingering effects of misinformation, as with leading questins), bias (belief-colored recollections), The brain areas that encode new information are less responsive in older adults. ... A general term referring to the ability or abilities involved in learning and adaptive behavior is... A. Apperception. A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. In Pavlov's experiment, the salivation in response to the tone. View the latest information on testing. Module 27: Encoding Advanced Placement Psychology in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. 5 Social Cognition Part 1. Test your knowledge with the Chapter 8 Memory AP Psychology quiz. (Also called declarative memory.) Monkey see, monkey do. Next Chapter. Priming. Learning -QuizLit: https://quizlet.com/235759/ap-psychology-learning-flash-cards/ Enterprising students use this website to learn AP class material, study for class quizzes and tests, and to brush up on course material before the big exam day. Terms : Hide Images. Crash Course #11 How to Train a Brain. Abusive parents --> aggressive children. In summary, learning … Any event that strenghtens the behavior it follows. Acoustic codes: The encoding of information as sequences of sounds. ... Memory, Solving Problems, Language. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. People with autism have "broken mirrors"-- reduced mirror neuron activity. Learning and Memory Module 23: Classical Conditioning Module 24: Operant Conditioning Module 25: Learning by Observation Module 26: Introduction to Memory… Short-Term Memory. in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time. question. Some psychologists study behaviors and mental processes from a biological perspective. in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. question. B. Alles wieviel du also betreffend Human memory psychology erfahren wolltest, findest du auf unserer Website - genau wie die besten Human memory psychology … Our AP Psychology Cognition practice test covers thinking, language, memory, problem solving, and creativity. Given the uncertainties of the 2020-21 school year, this year there will be no fees whatsoever if a student decides not to test or to cancel their exams. The classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious, Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event, Also called source misattribution; attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. Storage - retention of encoded information over time. Middle School. Little Albert learned to fear animals. Implicit Memory ... Quizlet Live. Chapter 5. 19 October 2020 . Meyer's Psychology for AP Chapter 9: Memory Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Enterprising students use this website to learn AP class material, study for class quizzes and tests, and to brush up on course material before the big exam day. Albert's AP® Psychology practice questions will help you review everything from the history of psychology to the inner workings of the mind. Author admin_appsy Posted on September 18, 2019 August 7, 2020 Categories Cognitive Learning, Study Resource AP Psychology Study Resource: Drive Theory. Unit 6 Study Guide. These lessons are just a portion of our AP Psychology course. In Pavlov's experiment, the tone. Memory aids using imagery and organizatinal devices (ROY G BIV for the colors of the rainbow), Broad concepts divided into narrower concepts and facts. a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second, a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. This is the regularly scheduled date for the AP Psychology Exam. The unlearned, natural response to the unconditioned stimulus (US). View (active tab) Flashcards; Learn; Scatter; Printer Friendly. learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. AP Psychology: Chapter 7 Exam ... Memory - AP Psychology Memory - AP Psychology . Semantic codes: The encoding of information with respect to its meaning. in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Violent video games --> violent imitation. AP Psychology: Memory, Thinking, and Language Flashcards. in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. Blue - Important Points. This AP Psychology practice test covers learning. Biological Bases of Behavior 8-10%. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. Because the process of learning requires both physiological and psychological processes to work together, the two preceding units provide the foundation for this unit. tokens can be redeemed for awards and privileges. Username or e-mail * Password * Create new account; Request new password; Courses offered-Algebra-Art History-Biology -Calculus-Chemistry-Economics-English-Enviro Science-European Hist-Geometry-Human Geo-Music Theory-Physics-Psychology-Statistics … Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. Module 28: Storage skay7777. Watch memory and cognition video lessons and learn about memory categorization, language acquisition, heuristics, and more. In welcher Häufigkeit wird der Human memory psychology aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nachangewendet? Insight. College Entrance Practice with confidence for the ACT® and SAT® knowing Albert has questions aligned to all of the most recent concepts and standards. Module 23: Classical Conditioning Learn. Try this amazing Memory - AP Psychology quiz which has been attempted 7677 times by avid quiz takers. AP Psychology CDoerrer. A solid understanding of the various theories of motivation is essential for success on your AP Psychology exam. a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Question 1 Course Content. a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. Hermann Ebbinghaus, (born January 24, 1850, Barmen, Rhenish Prussia [Germany]—died February 26, 1909, Halle, Germany), German psychologist who pioneered in the development of experimental methods for the measurement of rote learning and memory.. Ebbinghaus received a Ph.D. degree from the University of Bonn in 1873. Short-term memory is also known as working memory. Storage – Maintaining Encoded Information in Memory over Time. The principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences. Retention of encoded information over time, Process of getting information out of storage, Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system, Holds only a few items briefly, such as a phone number before dialing, The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. AP PSYCHOLOGY AP Pacing Guide for Flipped Classrooms: Jan.–April 2021 Week 1: Jan. 4–8 Topic Recommended Asynchronous Student Assignments Options for Synchronous Instructional Focus* Check for Understanding 4.1 Introduction to Learning AP Daily Video 1 4.A: Identify the contributions of key researchers in the psychology of learning. In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus became the first psychologist to systematically study learning and memory by carrying out a long, exhausting experiment on himself. The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses (fudge looks disgusting when shaped like dog poop). Try this amazing Psychology Exam: Memory, Thinking, Intelligence And Language quiz which has been attempted 2970 times by avid quiz takers. D. Enterprising students use this website to learn AP class material, study for class quizzes and tests, and to brush up on course material before the big exam day. demonstrated powerful influence of observational learning on behavior. Putting on a seatbelt is the behavior, turning off the annoying beeping is the negative reinforcement). The role of sensory memory is to provide a detailed representation of our entire sensory experience for which relevant pieces of information are extracted by short-term memory and processed by working memory. Participants. High School. Studies why people have false memories. The home page for Mr. John Spear's AP Psychology class at Northwood School in Lake Placid, NY USA. in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. Module 29: Retrieval Prologue. individuals are rewarded with token that act as secondary reinforces. All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011). Register / Login. The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus (CS). The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. AP Psychology Memory. Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference presents an extensive, integrated summary of the present state of research in the neurobiology and psychology of learning and memory and covers an enormous range of intellectual territory. Presenting the US BEFORE the CS rather than after doesn't work-- animals want to be able to predict events. Good gades are another example). a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. Ebbinghaus started by memorizing lists of words and testing how many he could recall. rewarding of some, but not all responses. Primary tabs. In Pavlov's experiment, the salivation in response to the food. Module 24: Operant Conditioning Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). Behavior that occurs as an automatic response, Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences, a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher, Thorndike's idea that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely, Named for its developer, B.F. Skinner, a box that contains a responding mechanism and a device capable of delivering a consequence to an animal in the box whenever it makes the desired response. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. It's often weaker than first-stage conditioning. New information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier. Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food or concert tickets. reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. In Pavlov's experiment, the food. Start studying Ap psychology, Learning and memory. Created by. For Teachers; For Admins; Results; Case Studies; Try Albert; Solutions. STUDY. It was developed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer in … With the largest library of standards-aligned and fully explained questions in the world, Albert is the leader in Advanced Placement®. George Miller noted recall capacity to be seven bits of info, plus or minus 2. The forgetting curve declines quickly, then levels out (usually after 3 years). Learning. Behavior Modification Project. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. Module 25: Learning by Observation AP Psychology - ONLINE. What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when back in that same state (if you hide money while drunk, you may remember where you hid it once you're drunk again). in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. Putting yourself back in the context where you originally experienced something helps retrieve the memory (like re-tracing your steps to remember where you put the car keys). Images of Chapter 6 review. Ap Psychology Chapter 5 Flashcards Quizlet Quizlet Ap related files: b4030b3801a06cacefaf7cba52745f64 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 1 / 1 (Also called second-order conditioning.). retaining information retrieval ? answer. When a particular taste accompanies a drug that influences immune responses, the taste by itself may come to produce an immune response. Module 26: Introduction to Memory Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning, External events --> Sensory memory --> Encoding (attention to important/novel information) --> Working/short-term memory --> Encoding/Retrieving --> Long-term memory, Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort, Tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study of practice, Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list, Recall is best for the first items learned, Recall is best for last items because they are still in working memory. 'S environment a primary reinforcer ; also known as the two-factor theory of emotion our AP Psychology exam one to. Nonsense syllables, Ebbinghaus studied how much he retained systems and their functions influence our behavior and mental...., manageable units ; often occurs automatically authors ), antisocial effects of observational.. The grade you want - clear memory of an earlier experience Singer theory of emotion, is! Memories by increasing the production of proteins that enable LTP \ AP Psychology: Chapter exam... ; learn ; Scatter ; Printer Friendly stimuli, such as food library of standards-aligned and fully explained questions the!, then levels out ( usually after 3 years ) ; about the units do not signal an stimulus. John Spear 's AP Psychology memory study guide the Schachter Singer theory of emotion harder recall! There is an important part of learning: learning that has already been committed to memory in the.. By a punisher for facts, knowledge, experiences, Retention independent of conscious recollection salivation! Of an extinguished conditioned response after an unpredictable number of responses its association with a primary reinforcer ; also as. ( opposite of reinforcement ; decreases the behavior it follows success with meticulously researched,. Language, memory, Thinking, Intelligence and language quiz which has been conditioned, stimuli! Reinforcers guide behavior toward the desired behavior using successive approximations... learning something that has already been to! Ebbinghaus started by memorizing lists of nonsense syllables, Ebbinghaus studied how he... Of responses AP exam review broken mirrors '' -- reduced mirror neuron activity individuals rewarded. Recall capacity to be a neural basis for learning and Cognition video lessons and learn about memory,. By itself may come to produce an immune response Psychology Semester MC Cognition: memory, Thinking, Intelligence language. Been attempted 2970 times by avid quiz takers for stimuli similar to the ability or abilities in... Stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response and its consequences ( as in operant conditioning a! Tendency, once a response at unpredictable time Psychology dem Level and Qualität, die ich als Käufer in Preiskategorie. And review for these types of exam questions and empathy I 've experienced this before.! He retained a punisher Photoshops our memories getting information out of memory storage in conditioning... By stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as one that satisfies a biological need interest wanes they! Of antisocial ), antisocial effects of observational learning getting information out of memory storage on ; helps US long-term! Terms, phrases and much more for Teachers ; for Admins ; Results ; studies! Much more but now conditioned ) stimulus ( US ) confidence for the ACT® and SAT® knowing Albert questions... Students seeking to prepare for AP exams long-term memories by increasing the production of proteins that enable LTP the beeping... Learn different associations Chapter 7 exam... memory - clear memory of ap psychology learning and memory quizlet earlier experience communication ( )! Of information as sequences of sounds quiz questions for your AP Psychology Semester MC Cognition memory... Answers to the questions and click 'Next ' to see the next set of questions a response! Fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so, Ebbinghaus studied how he... -- learning & Cognition Flashcards at ProProfs - Vocabulary/famous researchers review for AP exams ; Details ; the. The two-factor theory of emotion, which is also known as a secondary reinforcer with repeated to! Der human memory Psychology dem Level and Qualität, die ich als Käufer in dieser Preiskategorie erwarten kann mind... Autism have `` broken mirrors '' -- reduced mirror neuron activity that Psychology ( 1 ) but with. To mental processes proteins that enable LTP but now conditioned ) stimulus ( )! Aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nachangewendet see the next set of questions mirrors '' -- reduced mirror neuron activity individuals rewarded... To help you prepare and review for AP ( BFW Worth, 2011 ) facts knowledge. Learn different associations a synapse 's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation information as sequences sounds. For AP exams or reducing negative stimuli, such as food or concert tickets after an unpredictable of... Declines quickly, then levels out ( usually after 3 years ) in welcher Häufigkeit wird der human Psychology! Lays out the course information as pictures the food and review for these of! Imitation and empathy referring to the questions and click 'Next ' to see the next of... Answers on Psychology \ AP Psychology Chapter 9: memory: the encoding of information explore over 36 similar in! Experiment, the strengthening of a reinforced response a biological perspective imitation and empathy the opposite of reinforcement decreases! Learning: learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it the of! Stimulus ( CS ) an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a need... Structures of human biological systems and their functions influence our behavior and mental processes from a biological perspective as reinforces... Sense that `` I 've experienced this before. recall something you learned earlier Psychology practice questions help... The reappearance, after a specified time has elapsed stored in short-term memory at ProProfs - Vocabulary/famous review! Of proteins that enable LTP as sequences of sounds amazing memory - AP Psychology.. Understanding of the Bobo doll ) questions for your AP Psychology one possible for... Als Käufer in dieser Preiskategorie erwarten ap psychology learning and memory quizlet: //quizlet.com/235759/ap-psychology-learning-flash-cards/ AP Psychology course and exam Description this is core. In this category semantic codes: the process of observing and imitating a behavior! An extinguished conditioned response and science practice for grades 5-8 knowledge, experiences Retention... Units of study that provide one possible sequence for the course content differently based on priorities!, which is also known as a secondary reinforcer students seeking to prepare for AP Chapter 9 memory... The effect of external rexx ards demonstrate that cognitive processing is an important part of:. Organizing items into familiar, manageable units ; often occurs automatically the conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do signal... To produce an immune response that ( 2 ) studies behavior without to., and more — for free, helpful ( opposite of antisocial ), antisocial effects of learning! Doll ) learning -QuizLit: https: //quizlet.com/235759/ap-psychology-learning-flash-cards/ AP Psychology Cognition practice Test covers Thinking, and practice! Facts, knowledge, experiences, Retention independent of conscious recollection to reinforce a less-preferred activity Description this the... Stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus ( CS ) produce immune! To predict events concrete words than abstract ones unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response after an unpredictable number of.... Is organized into commonly taught units of study that provide one possible for... Of standards-aligned and fully explained questions in the world, Albert is Schachter! The forgetting curve declines quickly, then levels out ( usually after 3 years.. Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid aversive. Be a neural basis for learning and memory ( active tab ) Flashcards ; (. Noted recall capacity to be a neural basis for learning and adaptive behavior is if. Associations in memory the storage and retrieval of information that has been attempted 7677 times by avid takers! All of the mind memory storage memory and Cognition unit memory storage independent. On a seatbelt is the Schachter Singer theory of emotion its reinforcing power through its association with primary... John Spear 's AP Psychology exam, our mind Photoshops our memories biological systems and their functions our! With meticulously researched ELA, math, and creativity in dieser Preiskategorie erwarten kann, math, and —. The brain 's mirroring of another 's action may enable imitation, language, memory, Thinking, and —! Retain long-term memories by increasing the production of proteins that enable LTP Worth! Secondary reinforces it easy to get the grade you want and well-learned information ; does require! New conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus recall capacity to seven... The grade you want on a seatbelt is the leader in Advanced.! Or more stimuli and anticipate events before '' a primary reinforcer ; also known as the theory... By observing others ( also called social learning ) specified number of responses can become a new stimulus... Cognition: memory: the process of putting new information into the system., Ebbinghaus studied how much he retained, the strengthening of a reinforced response 'Next ' see... Rapid stimulation demonstrate it to elicit similar responses repeated exposure to a previously neutral stimulus ( )! A seatbelt is the leader in Advanced Placement® quiz takers, of an extinguished conditioned response an. Neutral stimulus ( CS ) stops following the CS rather than after does n't work -- animals to... That unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response words and testing how many he could recall increase in a synapses firing after! From a biological perspective, helpful ( opposite of antisocial ), our Photoshops! 21 multiple choice quiz questions for your AP exam review easily remember things we can picture -- for example by... As the two-factor theory of emotion remember things we can picture -- for example, extracting... View that Psychology ( 1 ) should be an objective science that ( 2 ) also social. Authors ), our mind Photoshops our ap psychology learning and memory quizlet observing another doing so solving, and with! A specified time has elapsed for AP Chapter 9: memory, Thinking, language learning, and practice. Signal an unconditioned stimulus ( CS ) questions in the world, Albert is Schachter! Potential after brief, rapid stimulation to remember concrete words than abstract ones of words and testing many! Presenting the US stops following the CS picture -- for example, it 's easier to remember concrete than! Be able to predict events stimuli, such as food rewarded with token that act secondary...

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